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When trying to solve a problem and working a long time on it, do you ever worry that it requires mathematics from another field that you never studied before? How do mathematicians know that the problem is contained within their mathematical limits and experience and training. What are some famous examples of problems that were solved by relating it to different areas of mathematics?
If the tools can't be applied to the problem, even after modifying them or the problem itself, then a different field is needed for sure. But all the fields of maths are interconnected that it's almost impossible to draw a nice defined border around a subject. As for the second part of your question, a famous example would be the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg. It required the invention of an entirely new field, graph theory.